S. BEN JEMAA^1*

 E. REBOURS²

M. BOUSSAHA²

¹Unité Laboratoire des Productions Animales et Fourragères, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Rue Hédi Karray, Ariana, 2049, Tunisia.

² GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.

Abstract – North Africa has been historically a crossroad of many civilizations, human migrations and trade which are expected to have left distinctive footprints within the genome of indigenous cattle inhabiting this region resulting from co-migration with humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the phylogenetic relationship and admixture patterns between indigenous Tunisian, Iberian and Balkan cattle in relation to historical human trade and migration between these three regions. For this purpose we used data from 39 Tunisian individuals genotyped with the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChipv2 followed by comparisons with six Spanish breeds, selected as being representative of Iberian cattle, and four Balkan populations. In addition to African taurine introgression into Iberian cattle (ranging from 10.3% to 16.2%) reported by previous studies, we found genetic evidence for a past gene flow between Iberian and North African cattle. Likewise, our analysis based on f3 statistics and the estimation of the amount of genetic differentiation between populations, clearly suggest a past gene flow between North African and Balkan cattle. Further, in addition to a common ancestry shared between the three cattle types, the model-based clustering showed that Tunisian cattle share with the Balkan populations, a second common ancestry that is not present in Iberian breeds. This finding suggests the presence of at least two-wave admixture between North African and Balkan cattle. The first one carried North African alleles into Balkan populations through Iberian cattle while the second one occurred directly between North African and Balkan cattle (probably during the Ottoman empire control over North Africa between the 16th and the 19th century). Our phylogenetic analyses of cattle from three key-regions of the Mediterranean Basin show that the admixture patterns between cattle populations is most likely more complex than previously thought because of multiple-wave population admixture occurring at different periods of history.

Keywords: Tunisian Cattle, Iberian cattle, Balkan cattle, SNP, Admixture, Population structure.

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B. M’RABET SAMAALI¹

A. TOUMI¹

A. MOUGOU HAMDANE^1*

S. KALLEL¹.

¹LR14AGR02 Bio-agresseurs et Protection Intégrée en Agriculture, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia.

Abstract –Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is to be the most serious virus disease affecting grapevines and is spread by infected plant propagation material and by dagger nematode, Xiphinema index. The objective of this work is to improve knowledge on the etiology of the Grapevine fanleaf virus in the northern Tunisia. The serological analysis showed that GFLV is widespread in vineyards surveyed (northern Tunisian regions in 2016-2017) with a prevalence of 36%. A relationship between the symptoms observed in the field in the spring and the serological diagnosis of this disease was observed. We have also shown that, pollen is a very efficient carrier of GFLV viral particles under natural conditions. Vine-Vector interaction study showed that the ectoparasitic nematodes belonging to the Xiphinema genus, have a homogeneous distribution in the different vineyards. As for Virus-Vector interaction study, GFLV was detected by DAS- ELISA in its nematode vector isolated directly from the rhizosphere of infected vine.

Keywords: Fanleaf degeneration diseases, symptoms, GFLV, Xiphinema index and pollen.

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Volume 64, Article 04

[Volume 64, Article 04]

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M. ELIMEM^1*

W. KAROUIA²

C .LAHFEF^1,2

S. BEN OTHMEN³

E. LIMEM-SELLEMI⁴

Y. MLIKI⁴

¹High School of Agriculture of Mograne (ESAM), Mograne, Zaghouane, University of Carthage, Tunisia.

²National Agronomy Institute of Tunis (INAT), University of Carthage. 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082, Tunisia

³ Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Mériem, 4042, Université de Sousse, Tunisia.

⁴General Directorate of Agricultural Protection, Ministry of Agriculture of Water Resources and Fisheries, 30, Alain Savary Street, 1002-Tunis le Belvédère, Tunisia

Abstract –

Thrips species composition study in wine grape orchard and table grape orchard in two locations in the region of Grombalia (Governorate of Nabeul; Tunisia) based on biodiversity parameters (Shannon index, dominance, equitability) revealed the presence of nine species that were identified and monitored. Among those species, six are phytophagous which are Thrips tabaci, Thrips palmi, Thrips imaginis, Limothrips cerealium, Chirothrips manicatus and Microcephalosthrips abdominalis. Furthermore two species known as predatory thrips were identified which are Aeolothrips tenuicornis and Aeolothrips collaris and one genus, Halpothrips sp., which species are known to be mostly predators of mites. The most abundant thrips species are T. palmi with percentages of 25 and 23.53 %, followed by L. cerealium with 18.75 and 17.65%, T. tabaci 12.5% and 17.65% and Haplothrips sp. 31.25 and 11.76% respectively in vine table grape orchard and wine cellar grape orchard. Dynamic population monitoring of all thrips species in both orchards showed that they occurred especially during spring. However they tend to decrease lately approaching hot season. Evaluation of biodiversity parameters based on thrips species composition revealed that both orchards are well diversified, with a good distribution of numbers on species and an equilibrated population. Thrips listed species all seem to be equally likely to develop in both orchards. 

Keywords: Biodiversity, monitoring, thrips species, vine, Tunisia.

1. Introduction

Thysanoptera is an order that includes small insect species know as Thrips (Bournier 1983). Those pests are capable of serious damages by sucking cells’ content and transmitting viruses to the host plants (Alford 1991; Brun et al. 2004; Whittaker and Kirk 2004). In fact, thrips damages occurs generally during feeding of larvae and adults leaving leaves, flowers and fruits with white spots that become brown, dry and perforate. On flowers and buds, they prevent them of growing and becoming fruits. And when on fruits, they leave scars (Alford 1991; Brun et al. 2004; Whittaker and Kirk 2004; Guérineau 2003; Chaisuekul and Riley 2005). Most thrips species are phytophagous, attacking thus many botanical species, some of them are polyphagous, others are oligophagous and some are monophagous. Other thrips species are predators of some small insects, including phytophagous thrips, or mites (Bournier 1983; Loomans and van Lenteren 1995; Fraval 2006; Elimem and Chermiti 2012). Thrips dynamic populations is influenced by many parameters among which abiotic ones such as temperature, relative humidity and daylight (Fraval 2006; Elimem and Chermiti 2009; Elimem et al. 2011). On the other hand, biotic parameters my change thrips dynamic populations. Among those parameters, we can cite predators such as those belonging to the genus Orius (Heteroptera; Anthocoridae) that are small insects feeding on thrips larvae especially and adults. Those beneficial insects are present in nature and are even employed in biological control and integrated pest management to control thrips populations (Loomans and van Lenteren 1995; Parker et al. 1995; Elimem and Chermiti 2012; Elimem et al. 2018.a).

The aim of this work is to study different thrips species biodiversity and dynamic populations in two vine grape orchards in the north-eastern region of Tunisia.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Experimental site

This work was carried from March 16^th to June 03^rd 2016 in two vine grape orchards; table vine grape and wine cellar grape. Both orchards are situated in the region of Grombalia (36°36’51’’ N, 10°25’38” E) belonging to the governorate of Nabeul in Tunisia (Figure 1).

Both orchards are characterized by a clay-limestone soil. Vine table orchard has an area of 0.5 ha and conducted in pergola mode with the Muscat grape of Italy. This variety is characterized by golden yellow fruits, very sweet and of a musky flavor. Regarding wine cellar grape orchard, it has an area of 1 ha and planted in Pergolette mode by the Syrah grape variety which has black fruits.

2.2. Sampling

Sampling was done weekly and randomly from each orchard since leaves appearance on March 16^th 2016. In each orchard, fifty vine plant were chosen randomly and divided into three strata; upper, medium and bottom. From each stratum, one leaf is sampled making thus a total number of 150 sampled leaves from each orchard. Samples were placed in plastic bags and taken to the laboratory.

2.3. Thysanoptera fauna identification

All collected thrips specimens were mounted according to the method described by Bournier (1983) and identified lately according to the identification keys of Mound et al. (1976), Mound and Walker (1982), Brodsgaard (1989), Palmer et al. (1989), Mound and Kibby (1998) and EPPO (2002).

2.4. Biodiversity study of Thysanoptera fauna

According to Roger (1977), indices of the diversity of a population represent the amount of information represented by a given sample on how individuals are distributed among various species. In this way, changes in diversity indices of samples from the same population spread over time give an idea about the changing structure of the population and monitoring its evolution.

Among the studied parameters to get an idea about the diversity of a population, we find species richness which is the number of recorded species in a habitat. The index of Shannon or Shannon-Weaver is used to evaluate the spatial and temporal diversity in a habitat or set of habitat (Roger 1977) stands. This index is calculated using the following formula:

H’= - 

Where H’ is the Shannon biodiversity index, i is the species of the studied site, Pi is the proportion of species i relative to the total number of species (S) in the study areas, knowing that Pi = ni / N where ni is the number of individuals of species I, and N is the total number of all species. It should be noted that this parameter, in nature, is generally between 0.5, which indicates a very low diversity, and 4.5.

The other parameters that have been measured are dominance and equitability. The first is expressed by:D = n x 100 / N

Where D is the dominance, n is the number of individuals belonging to the species best represented and N is the total number of individuals in a given sample.

Concerning equitability, it is the ratio of the actual diversity observed at the theoretical maximum diversity. Similarly, equitability clarifies the structure of the ecosystem. It is expressed by the following formula:E = H’/Ln N

This parameter varies between 0 and 1; it tends to 0 when almost all the encountered individuals are concentrated on a single species and therefore it is the most dominant, and tends to 1 when all species have the same abundance and in this case they are equitably distributed and the population is homogeneous across all species. In addition, a number of less than 0.6 fairness characterizes a turbulent environment (Roger 1977; Graham et al.2009).

All these parameters were measured using the software PAST® (Paleontological Statistics).

On the other hand, thrips species were classified according their dominance into the following groups according to Kucharczyk et al. (2011) and Elimem et Chermiti (2013); eudominants (> 10%), dominants (5.1 to 10%), subdominants (2.1 to 5%), recedents (1 to 2%) and subrecedents (lower than 1%).

3. Results and Discussion

1. Identification and listing of thrips species encountered in both vine grape orchards

During the entire monitoring period, a total of 25 specimens were collected from grape vine sampled leaves. According to the identification keys, a total of 6 genera and 9 species of phytophagous and predatory thrips have been identified. Thrips species identified are listed in table 1.

In the table grape orchard, most important species were those belonging to the genius Haplothrips spp. that represent a percentage of about 31.25 % of the total population found, followed by Thrips palmi with 25% then Limothrips cerealium with 18.75%. In regards to the wine grape orchard, the highest percentages were observed with the species Thrips palmi with 23.53%, followed by Thrips tabaci and Limothrips cerealium with equal percentages of about 17.65% (Table 2). On the other hand, the thrips species were classified according to Kucharczyk et al. (2011) into the following groups: eudominants (> 10%), dominants (5.1 to 10%), subdominants (2.1 to 5%), recedents (1 to 2%) and subrecedents (lower than 1%). Obtained results (Table 2), showed that T. palmi, L. cerealium, T. tabaci and Haplothrips spp. are all eudominant species, meaning thus that they were the most abundant and the most encountered species in both orchards. Regarding the rest of identified species, they were even dominant or absent such as T. imaginis, Ae. collaris, Ae. tenuicornis, M. abdominalis and Ch. Manicatus.

Legend: (+ + + + +): Eudominant, (+ + + +): Dominant, (+ + +): Sub-dominant, (+ +) Recedent, (+): Subrecedent.

2. Thrips populations’ monitoring

Monitoring of thrips populations shows the succession of two peaks (Figure 2). The first marks the first generation of individuals that had restarted their activity after the winter rest. The second most important peak was observed on May 04^th 2016 with a total thrips number of about 11 individuals which corresponds to the proliferation of thrips with host plant leaf staggering. In fact, it seems that the evolution of thrips on vine orchards is intimately related to the phenological stages of the host plant. Those results concord with those listed by Elimem and Chermiti (2009) in a rose crop greenhouse and Elimem and Chermiti (2013) in citrus orchards, Elimem et al. (2011) and Elimem et al (2018.a) in pepper crop green houses, were thrips species compositions follow the phenological parameters of the host plants. On the other hand, Elimem and Chermiti (2009), Elimem et al. (2011) and Elimem et al. (2018.a, 2018.b), indicated that host plants phenological parameters modulate thrips dynamic populations, their distribution in the host plant different parts, reproduction and even the sex-ratio.

3. Biodiversity parameters

Monitoring thrips species populations and evaluation of biodiversity indexes (Figure 3) and parameters showed that both orchards are characterized by a good diversity which is due to a Shannon indexes exceeding 1.4 (Jayaraman 1999). In fact, it seems that the limited treatments that the table grape orchard receives, and the total absence of chemical interventions in the wine grape orchard in the other hand, are the origin of these values. Despite the difference between Shannon indexes in both orchards, these values show no significant differences. On the other hand, indexes of dominance and equitability showed a good distribution and repartition of species numbers in both orchards. In fact, analyzing equitability index showed that it tends to 1 in both orchards which shows that all species have the same abundance and in this case they are equitably distributed and the population is homogeneous across all species.

4. Thrips species monitoring

   1. Thrips palmi Karny (1925) (Thysanoptera ; Thripidae)

That eudominant species was found with 25% and 23.53% in table grape orchard and wine grape orchard respectively. This species is found in various tropical regions, in Africa and Asia. Furthermore, it has been reported in Australia, Central America and some European countries(Lacasa and Llorens 1996; Palmer et al. 1989). According to Mani et al. (2014) this species has only been reported on grapevine orchards in India. These results indicated that it is reported for the first time in Tunisia in grape orchards.

Monitoring T. palmi populations (Figure 4) showed that this species appeared from March and continue its gradual increase as to the summer season. Indeed, this is coherent to the results cited by Nagai (1993), Lakshmi et al. (1993) and Lacasa and Llorens (1996) who reported that T. palmi has an optimum of its biotic potential at an average temperature of 25°C. T. palmi numbers tend to increase as the phenological state of the host plant improves (Lacasa et Llorens 1996) which is coherent with results cited in this study.

2. Limothrips cerealium Haliday (1836) (Thysanoptera ; Thripidae)

This second eudominant species is ubiquitous in the two plots with respective percentages of 18.75 and 17.65% for table grape orchard and wine grape orchard. It has been reported on several host plants such as cereals, citrus and grapevine orchards (Mound et Walker 1982; Navarro et al. 2008; Trabelsi et Boulahia-Kheder 2009; Belaam et Boulahia-Kheder 2012).

This species begins to appear in April, decreases thereafter than rises in the wine grape orchard towards the end of the period of this study (Figure 5).

In citrus orchards, Navarro et al. (2008) in Spain and Elimem and Chermiti (2013) in Tunisia, recorded that in spite of the presence of this species on this host plant but no high numbers were recorded and its appearance starts during January and increases slightly in April and May. Same results were mentioned by Goldarazena (1996) in cereal crops in Spain.

3. Haplothrips spp. Amyot and Serville (1843) (Thysanoptera ; Phlaeothripidae)

In the two orchards eudomiants species belonging to the genus Haplothrips spp. were found. However, this species was more abundant at the table grape orchard than the wine grape orchard. Most of these species live on Asteraceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae or other plants such as citrus grapevine and rose(Palmer et Mound 1990; Zur Strassen 1995; Kakimoto et al. 2006; Okajima 2006; Elimem 2008; Minaei et Mound 2008; Belaam et Boulahia-Kheder 2012).

Monitoring of Haplothrips spp. has shown that this species complex begins to appear on mid-April in the vine table orchard. While, in the wine cellar grape orchard only one peak was observed during the end of May. Indeed, according to Larsson (2005), populations of Haplothrips sp. have their proliferation from the end of May and during the month of June. Similarly, Elimem (2008) mentions that populations of Haplothripsvictoriensis on rose crops and in Tunisian conditions, start to appear from April to peak in June and decline in July.

3.4.4. Thrips tabaci Lindemann (1889) (Thysanoptera; Thripidae)

T. tabaci is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous thrips species that can attack more than 150 botanical species (Mound and Walker 1982; Lacasa and Llorens 1996) such as citrus and grapevine (Teksim and Tunç 2009; Elimem and Chermiti 2013).

This eudominant species appears from the beginning of the study period at the table grape orchard, and increased thereafter during April and May in both orchards (Figure 7).

Navarro et al. (2008) mention that in Spain and on citrus orchards T. tabaci begin to proliferate on February. It reaches the maximum of its populations on end of March and April and starts to regress from June. Same results were mentioned in Tunisia by Elimem and Chermiti (2013) in citrus orchards. This may be confirmed by Waiganjo et al. (2008) who indicated that T. tabaci populations in high temperatures and low relative humidity start to increase while high relative humidity decreases this pest numbers.

5. Thrips imagines Bagnall (1926) (Thysanoptera ; Thripidae)

This species was absent at the table vine orchard and occurred only with one individual in the wine cellar grape orchard during the first week of our study (Figure 8). This species cannot persist on crops in the absence of flowers, which may explain its disappearance in the wine grape orchard during the rest of the study (Lacasa and Llorens 1996; Funderberk 2001).

5. Microcephalothrips abdominalis Crawford (1910) (Thysanoptera ; Thripidae)

Results found showed that this species was present only at the table grape orchard with only one individual and a percentage of 6.25% (Figure 9).

Mound and Walker (1982) indicate that in Australia specimens of this species are collected during February and March. However, and during this this study, M. abdominalis showed a later appearance during May with a very small population. This species is reported on different host plants.

3.4.7. Chirothrips manicatus Haliday (1836) (Thysanoptera; Thripidae)

C. manicatuswas manifested with a single individual at the wine grape orchard (Figure 10). According to Minaie and Mound (2010) and Mound and Palmer (1972), species of the genus Chirothrips develop mainly on the Poaceae family. As a result, its presence on vine orchards can be accidental due to the presence of several weeds all around the crop. Besides, C. manicatus was reported for the first time in Tunisia in 2018 by Elimem et al. (2018.c) on grape vine orchard.

8. Aeolothrips spp. Haliday (1836) (Thysanoptera ; Aeolothripidae)

Two species of predatory thrips were also recorded. Indeed, Ae. tenuicornis and Ae. collaris. Obtained results show sed that Ae. tenuicornis was present only in the wine grape orchard and only occurred once during May. Ae. Collaris was present in both orchards with lower numbers during the beginning and end of April (Figure 11).

According to Navarro et al. (2008) and Elimem and Chermiti (2013), the species of Aeolothrips begin their evolution from February and March to reach their maximum towards the beginning of April. The difference with the present study is that Ae. collaris made its appearance in April while Ae. Tenui cornis did not manifest until May.

4. Conclusion

During an inventory and monitoring of thrips species in two grape vine orchards in the region of Grombelia in Tunisia, nine thrips species were recorded and identified among which Thrips tabaci, Thrips palmi, Thrips imaginis, Limothrips cerealium, Chirothrips manicatus and Microcephalosthrips abdominalis that are phytophagous thrips species, and two species of predatory thrips belonging to the genus Aeolothrips; Ae. Collaris and Ae. Tenuicornis. The genus Haplothrips was also encountered. Study of thrips species compositions in relation with biodiversity parameters and indexes indicated that the grape vine orchards are characterized by a good diversity, equitability and abundance due to the absence of chemical treatments. Monitoring all thrips species populations allowed to know critical appearance periods of each species. Those results allowed to establish an adequate integrated pest management on the future based on these results.

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Organisation de la chaine de valeur de la viande ovine dans le Nord Est de la Tunisie : Cas de la région de Zaghouan.

C. DAREJ^1*

M. BDIRI¹

N. MHAMDI¹

M. CHNITER¹

H. HECHLEF²

H. GESMI¹

 N. MOUJAHED¹

¹Département des Sciences Animales, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie. 43 Av. Ch. Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisie.

²DGPA La Direction Générale de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture, 3 0, rue Alain Savary 1002-Tunis le Belvédère.

Abstract – The objective of our work is to identify the various actors involved in sheepmeat marketing circuits in the region of Zaghouan and to study the different material flows, information and relations between actors in the chain of value. In this context, a survey was conducted in the region of Zaghouan with 40 breeders, 21 horse traders, 19 butchers and 25 consumers between February and April, 2016. The results showed that there are two types of marketing circuits for sheepmeat. The first type of circuit concerns sheep marketed throughout the year (usual circuit). In this type of circuit we found that in 73.91% of the cases the lamb passes through several dealers to reach the consumer. The second type of circuit concerns fattening sheep during the Eid El Kabir festival. In this case the circuit is shorter and more than 57.1% of the lambs pass from a dealer to a feeder to finally reach the consumer. The net margin for intermediates is higher in the Eid El Kabir circuit than for the usual circuit (respectively 4.99 and 1.032 Dt / kg of meat). However, the net margin for the butcher is 4.38 Dt / kg of meat for the usual circuit and 1.4 Dt / kg of meat for the Eid El Kabir circuit. The main problems threatening the value chain of sheep meat are the increase in meat prices for sale and the lack of organization between the different actors. In terms of value chain mapping we have found that the freshness of meat and its low fat content are the main attractive factors for the consumer. Fattening and the nature of the diet distributed are factors of variation in the value added at the level of the farmer.

Keywords: Value Chain, Sheepmeat, Net Margin.

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Activités antimicrobiennes des feuilles de l’Aloe barbadensis Miller et leurs effets sur le comportement des bactéries lactiques

O. BEN MOUSSA ¹*

I. MAHOUACHI ¹

I. DAMMAK ¹

M. BOULARES ¹

I. MAHMOUDI ¹

M. HASSOUNA ¹

¹Unité de recherche ‘Bio-conservation et valorisation des Produits Agro-alimentaires UR13AGR02 – Ecole Supérieure des Industries Alimentaires de Tunis-Université de Carthage-

Abstract – In the present study, antibacterial activity of Aloe vera gel or peel extracts were tested against commons foodborne pathogens. Ethanolicpeel extract and raw gel were the most effective, againstStaphylococcus aureus. Howerver, antifungal activity was obtained only for ethanolic extracts. Cell damage test affirms these findings. Furthermore, different concentrations of Aloe vera gel (0%, 5%, 15%, 25%, 50% and 100%) incorporated into the growth media of technological and probiotic lactic acid bacteria were tested to observe the effect on growth and activities of these bacteria. From the obtainedresults, it could be clearly advocated that lactic acid bacteria behavior depend on strains, and that 15% of Aloe vera gel could promote the growth and activities of mix starter (M2) and probiotic strain (S1).

Keywords: Aloe vera, antimicrobial activity, lactic acid bacteria

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S. MARZOUGUI ^12 *

¹ Pôle Régional de Recherche Développement Agricoles du Nord Ouest semi-aride à El Kef, Tunisia. Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles (IRESA), Tunisia

² Field crops Laboratory. INRAT, Tunisia

Abstract – Leaf traits (leaf length, width, and area) are closely associated with photosynthetic ability and grain yield in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Identifying QTLs that control leaf related traits under stressed environment is very useful for marker assisted selection (MAS). QTL studies on flag and second leaf traits were rarely reported. In this study, marker traits associations of leaf traits using a collection of bread wheat accessions were performed. Using MLM and GLM approaches, at –log 10P≥3, a total 64 SNPs markers associated with flag and second leaf traits were identified on all chromosomes except for 3A, 4D, 5A, 6B and 7D. QTLs identified on chromosomes 7A and 7B were found to have a pleiotropic effect on almost leaf traits controlling FLA, FLL, FLW, SLA, and SLL. This region could serve as a target for fine mapping and marker assisted breeding in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Keywords: Leaf traits, Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), SNP Markers, QTL mapping, semi arid climate

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