Cake quality evaluation made of wheat–lentil flour blends

Attachments:

Volume JS INAT 2015, Article 17

[Volume JS INAT 2015, Article 17]

533 kB

H. Ben Haj Koubaier^1,2,3

A. Snoussi^2,3

I. Essaidi^2.3

M. Chabir 

N. Bouzouita^2.3*

¹ Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture du Kef, 7119, Le Kef -Tunisia

² Ecole Supérieure des Industries Alimentaires, 58 Avenue Alain Savary1003, Tunis, Tunisia.

³ Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale : Synthèse Chimique et Analyse Physico-chimique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis ElManar, Tunis, Tunisia.

Abstract - Legume flours, due to their amino acid balance and their demonstrated nutritional benefits, are ideal ingredients to improve the nutritional characteristics of bakery products. In the present study, we have investigated the influence of the partial substitution of wheat flour by lentil flour at the levels of 10, 15 and 20 %, on the quality characteristics of the dough and the cake. Obtained results showed that lentil flour additionaffectedthe dough development time and water activity. Moreover, with the increase of lentil flours levels, adecrease of tenacity, deformation energyand swelling index of dough was observed whereas extensibilityincreased. A significant difference in physical characteristic between cakes fortified with lentilflour and control was showed (P < 0.05). With the increase of lentil flour levels in formulation,cakes density increased whereas water activity, L* and a* crumb color values decreased. Increasing levelsof lentil flour caused increases in total sensory scores. The overall acceptability rate showed that 15 and 20% lentil flour can be incorporated to prepare acceptable quality cakes.

Keywords: legumes, lentil, flour, cake, rheological parameters

1. Introduction

Pulse crops are among the most important sources of protein, carbohydrates such as starch and fibre (Perez-Hidalgo et al., 1997), vitamins and minerals (Geil and Anderson, 1994; Muzquiz, 1997; Rincónet al., 1998). They are also low in fats, do not contain cholesterol(Patterson et al., 2009) and they have been identified as low glycaemic index foods (Bornet et al., 1997).

The addition of legumes to cereal-based products could be an efficient way to increase the consumptionof these products. Moreover, legume are considered to be one of the best and the cheapest source of vegetable proteins, such as the essential amino acid lysine (Adsule, et al., 1989), while wheat flour proteins are deficient in lysine but have adequate levels of sulphur-containing amino acids (Eggum and Beame,1983).Therefore, the combination of cereal and legume proteins would provide better overall essential amino acids balance (Eggum and Beame,1983; Livingstone et al., 1993), which is very important in a balanced diet.

The lentil (Lens culinaris) is a bushy annual plant of the legume family, grown for its lens-shaped seeds. Lentils are relatively tolerant to drought and are grown throughout the world. Lentil growing is concentrated mostly in the semi-arid regions in the Indian subcontinent, the Mediterranean regions and the dry areas of the Middle East. The total world production of lentils is4.67 million metric tonnes (FAO, 2012). Like most legumes, lentil seeds provide an excellent source of dietary fiber and complex carbohydrates (Sotomayor et al., 1999).

In past three decades many studies have been conducted to analyze the effect of legumes on physical, chemical, instrumental and sensorial properties of dough and bakery products. They include cakes and breads made with legume flour (Dalgetty and Baik, 2006; Hera et al., 2012; Hettiaratchi et al, 2009). However, despite the good results obtained, few studies have been performed to determine the effect of the use of lentils flours in these products.

In this context, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of partial wheat-flour substitution by different levels of lentil flour on dough characteristics and cake-making.

2. Material and Methods

   1. Materials

Lentil seeds (Lens culinaris L.) were bought from local market in Tunis, Tunisia. Lentil flour (LF) was obtained after grinding seeds in a laboratory hammer mill until they could pass through a 200 µm screen.Commercial Wheat-flour (WF), Fresh whole eggs, sunflower oil, sugar, whole-milk powder, emulsifier and baking powder were purchased from the local market.

2.2. Proximate analysis of flours

Wheat and lentil flours were analyzed following theAACC (2000) methods for moisture (method 44-15A), protein (method 46-13), fat (method 30-25), and ash (method 08-01). Total carbohydrate was determined by difference and was calculated conventionally by the following formula: [100 - (weight in grams [protein + fat + water + ash + alcohol] in 100 g of flour)]

2.3. Evaluation of Dough properties

Doughs were preparedwith different levels of lentil flour : 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% blended withwheat flour.The dough mixing and alveographic properties of the differentwheat/lentil flour blends were studied using farinograph and alveograph instruments (Brabender, Germany). From the farinograph curves, water absorption (WA, percentage of water required to yield dough consistency of 500 BU) and dough development time (DDT, time to reach maximum consistency) were determined. The parameters obtained from the alveograph curves were expressed as:The maximum length of bubble or extensibility (L), the maximum pressure to blow bubble (P),the swelling index (G) and baking strength(W).

2.4. Baking test

2.4.1. Cake preparation

Cakewasprepared from blends containing 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% of lentil flour according a homemade cake recipe(Table 1).Cake batter was prepared in a kitchenAid professional mixer (KPM5), wherein, the flour, milk powder baking powder, and water were creamed together to get a fluffy cream; eggs and sugar were whipped together until semi-firm foam resulted. The sugar–egg foam was mixed with the creamed flour and emulsifier, after which the vegetable oil was added in small portions. Cake batter was poured into a wooden pan and baked at 160 ◦C for 1 h. Cakes were cooled to room temperature.

2.4.2. Physical measurements

Batter density was determined with a measuring cylinder and expressed as the relation between the weight of batter and the same volume of distilled water.

Cake quality attributes included: volume, determined by seed displacement, weight and moisture. Crumb and Crust Color were measured using a Minolta, Chroma Meter CR-300.

2.4.3. Sensory analysis

The organoleptic characteristics of cakes were carried out by 50 panelists. The panelists were asked to evaluate the products forcrust color, crumb color, odor, texture, taste and overallquality. The ratings were on 5-point hedonicscale ranging from 5 (like extremely) to 1 (dislike extremely) foreach organoleptic characteristic.

2.5. Statistical analysis

Data were presented as the mean of duplicate± standard deviation (mean ± SD). The datawere analyzed for statistical significance using Statgraphics Centurion XVI. Differencesbetween treatments were assessed using one way ANOVA, followed by Tukey HSD post hoctest. P values below 0.05 were considered significant

3. Results and discussion

   1. Flour composition

The characteristics of the lentil and wheat flour are summarized in Table 2.Lentil flour (LF) contained considerably higher protein (25.51%), ash (2.70 %) and fat contents (4.67 %) than wheat flour (WF)(10.80 % of proteins, 0.40 % of ash, and 1.80 % of fat). On the other hand, WF presented higher carbohydrates content (72.40 %) than LF (55.82 %).

Different letters in the same column are significantly different (P<0.05)

2. Rheological Behavior of Dough

The Farinograph and alveograph parameters measured are given in Table 3.The DDT represents the time required by the dough to reach maximum consistency after the first addition of water. It indicates the minimum mixing time for dough formation. Inclusion of LF showed insignificant effect between 4.65 to 4.78 minute, but the overall DDT slightly raised by the increase of LF that is in accordance to Fu et al. (2008). The increase in DDT could be explained by interactions between the non-wheat proteins and gluten leading to a delay in the hydration and development of gluten in the presence of these ingredients (Dhinda et al., 2012). Water absorptionis the amount of water needed to obtain dough of a defined consistency and is largely related to the dough yield. It was found that increasing the addition of LF to WF increased WA from 55.20 % (control) to 70.20 % (flour blended with 20% of LF). Similar effects on WA were observed by Bojňanska et al. (2012), Eissa et al. (2007), Fenn et al. (2010), Kamaljit et al. (2010), and Mohammed et al. (2012) when the various legume flours were added to wheat flour. The WA is expected to rise because addition of LF increases the amount of proteins, starch and fibers; these components compete for absorption of water during dough formulation(Dhinda et al., 2012; Gimenez et al., 2012). Alveographic parameters reveal the dough rheology and predict the quality of the final baked products (Mirsaeedghazi et al., 2008). The parameters include work of the doughor the deformation energy showing the baking strength (W), G (mm) the swelling index is a measure of square root of volume of air needed to inflate the bubble till it ruptures, P (mm) is the maximum pressure for tenacity or pressure required to below the dough bubble, which is taken as resistance to extension, that is a measure of the resistance to deformation, L represents extensibility in mm, P/L is the curve configuration ratio showing stability which is an index of gluten performance or dough behavior in mixing and baking. The elasticity of the dough is directly related to protein/gluten network and is more closely related to glutenin macro polymers which, since weak, decrease elastic property (Agyare et al., 2005). The alveographic results showed that W-value slightly increases from 143 to 159 upto 20% addition of LF. This increase could be due to the high contentin fiber and proteins of LFwhich allow more water interactions through hydrogen bonding as was previously found by Rosell et al. (2001). Pressure to blow the bubble (P), extensibility (L) and swelling index (G) decrease rapidly by the addition of Lentil flour from 10 %. As resulting of the lentil action on both dough resistance and dough extensibility, P/L ratio was augmented in dough containing 10% LF (4.56 vs 3.93 in the control), then decreased upto 20%. The addition of 15% LF shows a P/L ratio about 3.90 as found in the control. Our findings are in line withthe observations made by Seema et al. (2012)whoreported a decrease on elasticity and an increase on resistance toextension of dough prepared by incorporating lentil flour in the cookies formulation.

Different letters in the same column are significantly different (P<0.05)

3. Baking test

   1. Effect on batter density

In Table 4 the effect of composite flours containing LF on batter density can be observed.Substitution of WF by LF increased batter density suggesting that less air was incorporated. This behavior has already been reported by Gómez et al. (2008) and Hera et al. (2012)after the incorporation of various legume flours to the formula of sponge cake. It have been suggested that lower batter density would result in higher cake volume (Gómez et al., 2008). Particle size could also affect batter density: coarse lentil flours produced lower batter-density values than fine flours. This influence of particle size on batter density has been already reported by Gómez et al. (2010) in layer cakes.

Different letters are significantly different (P<0.05)

3.3.1. Cakes characteristics

Physical properties of cake are presented in Table 5.According to results, cake volume decreased as the LF percentage increased. During the baking process, baking powder generates gases, which should be retained in order to guarantee good cake volume, and in that respect flour quality has an important role to play. LF also presented higher protein content, and different amino acid composition than WF which could affect cake characteristics, especially volume (Mohamed and Hamid, 1998). As for cake weight, no significant differences were found. Therefore, the water retention capacity was not affected by the substitution of WF by LF.

The addition of lentil flour reduced L* and increased a* crumb values, indicating less white and more reddish crumb. The temperature reached inside the cakes does not exceed 100 °C, meaning that Maillard and caramelization reactions do not occur and the colors observed in the crumb therefore correspond mainly to the colours of the ingredients used in the formula. Differences in crumb color have also been detected in other studies in which legume flour, with different color from wheat flour, was incorporated (Gómez et al., 2008). In contrast to what occurs in the crumb, the cake crust temperature exceeds 150°C during baking, and thus Maillard and sugar caramelization reactions take place and are responsible for the final crust color (Purlis, 2010). In this case, despite the fact that lentil flours have different amino acid and sugar contents from wheat flour, no significant differences in color were observed. There was only a tendency to a fall in the b* value.

Different letters in the same column are significantly different (P<0.05)

3.3.2. Sensorial analysis

The results obtained in sensory analysis of cakes added with different concentrations of LFwere presented in Fig.1. LF supplementation in WF hada significant impact (P<0.05) on texture and overall acceptability, evaluated when compared to the cake prepared with WF. Indeed, with the increase in the level of LF in formulation, the sensory scores for texture of cakes decreased. The samples added with 15 and 20% of LF had maximum overall acceptability. The overall acceptability score for these samples were 4.23 and 4.19, respectively, on a 5-point hedonic scale. However the addition of LF to wheat flour did not influence the acceptance of the color, odor and taste.

4. Conclusion

This study showed that it is possible to incorporate lentil flour into cake formulations, increasing the nutritionalvalue. The addition of lentil flour to wheat flour modified significantlythe farinographic and alveographic parameters of the dough. It was noted that addition of lentil flour reduced physical properties (volume and color L and b*) of cake.Sensory evaluation of the final products revealed that wheat–lentil cake prepared with blended flour containing 15 and 20% of lentil flour were deemed to be the most acceptable.

5. References

AACC (2000) Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists, method 10-91, (10th ed.). St. Paul, MN: American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc.

Adsule RN, Lawande KM, Kadam S S (1989) Pea. In: Salankhe D K,Kadam S S (Eds.), CRC Handbook of World Food Legumes: Nutritional Chemistry, Processing Technology and Utilization. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, Boca

Agyare KK, Addo K, Xiong YL, Akoh CC (2005) Effect of Structured Lipid on Alveograph Characteristics, Baking and Textural Qualities of Soft Wheat Flour. J. Cereal Sci. 42 (3): 309-316.

Ashraf S, Ghufran SaeedS M, Sayeed S A, Kanwar H, Ahmed M, Ali R (2012) Impact of Lentil Fortification on Physical, Chemical and Instrumental Properties of Dough and its Influence on overall Quality of Cookies. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res., 30 : 125-134

Bojňanska T, Frančakova H, Liškova M, Tokar M (2012) Legumes – the alternative raw materials for bread production. J. Microbiol., Biotechnol. Food Sci. 1: 876–886.

Bornet F R, Billaux M S, Messing B (1997) Glycaemic index concept and metabolic diseases. Inter.J. Biol. Macromol. 21: 207-219.

Dalgetty D, Baik, BK (2006) Fortification of Bread with Hulls and Cotyledon Fibers Isolated from Peas, Lentil and Chickpeas. Cereal Chem. 83 (3): 269-274.

Dhinda F, Lakshmi J A, Prakash J, Dasappa I (2012) Effect of ingredients on rheological, nutritional and quality characteristics of high protein, high fibre and low carbohydrate bread. Food Bioprocess Technol. 5:2998–3006.

Eggum B O, Beame R M (1983) The Nutritive Value of Seed Proteins.In: Gottschalk W, Muller P H, (Eds.) Seed Protein Biochemistry, Genetics and Nutritive Value. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Netherlands, pp 449-531.

Eissa A, Hussein A S, Mostafa, B E (2007) Rheological properties and quality evaluation of Egyptian balady bread and biscuits supplemented with flours of ungerminated and germinated legume seeds or mushroom. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 57: 487–496.

FAO (2012) Bulletin of Statistics. Food and Agriculture Organisation.

Fenn D, Lukow O M, Humphreys G, Fields P G, Boye J I (2010). Wheat-legume composite flour quality. Inter. J. Food Prop., 13: 381–393.

Fu L, Tian J, Sun C, Li C (2008) RVA and Farinograph Properties Study on Blends of Resistant Starchand Wheat Flour. Agr. Sci. China, 7 (7): 812-822.

Geil P B,Anderson J W (1994) Nutrition and health implications of dry beans: a review. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 13: 549-558.

Gimenez MA, Drago S R, De Greef D, et al (2012) Rheological, functional and nutritional properties of wheat/broad bean (Vicia faba) flour blend for pasta formulation. Food Chem. 134: 200–206.

Gómez M, Oliete B, Rosell C M, Pando V, Fernández E (2008) Studies on cake quality made of wheat-chickpea flour blends. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 41: 1701-1709.

Gómez M, Ruiz-París E, Oliete B Pando V (2010) Modelling of texture evolution of cakes during storage. J. Texture Stud. 41: 17-33.

Kamaljit K, Baljeet S, Amarjeet K (2010) Preparation of bakery products by incorporating pea flour as a functional ingredient. Am. J. Food Technol. 5:130-135.

Mirsaeedghazi H, Emam-Djomeh Z, Mousavi SMA (2008) Rheometric measurement ofdough rheological characteristics and factors affecting it. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 10: 112-119.

Mohammed I, Ahmed AR, Senge B (2012) Dough rheology and bread quality of wheat–chickpea flour blends. Indus. Crop. Prod. 36: 196–202.

Hera E, Elena EP, Bonastre O, Manuel G (2012) Studies of the Quality of Cakes Made with Wheat-lentil Composite Flours LWT. Food Sci. Technol.49 (1): 48-54.

Hettiaratchi UPK, Ekanayake S, Welihinda J (2009) Glycaemic Indices of Three Srilankan Wheat Bread Varities and a Bread-lentil Meal. Inter. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 60 (1): 21-30.

Livingstone A S, Feng J J, Malleshi N G (1993) Development and nutritional quality evaluation of weaning foods based on malted, popped and dried wheat and chickpea. Inter. J. Food Sci. Technol., 28: 35-43

Mohamed S, Hamid N A (1998) Effects of ingredients on the characteristics of rice cakes. J. Sci. Food Agri. 76(3): 464-468.

Muzquiz M (1997) Spanish legumes and the Mediterranean diet. Grain Legumes, 17: 22-23.

Patterson C A, Maskus H, Dupasquier C (2009). Pulse crops for health. Cereal Food. World, 54(3): 108-112.

Perez-Hidalgo MA, Guerra-Hernandez E, Garcia-Villanova B (1997) Dietary fiber in three raw legumes and processing effect on chick peas by an enzymatic–gravimetric method. J. Food Compost. Anal. 10: 66–72.

Purlis E (2010) Browning development in bakery products e a review. J. Food Eng. 99: 239-249

Rincón F, Martínez B, Ibáñez V (1998) Proximate composition and antinutritive substances in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) as affected by the biotype factor. J. Sci. Food Agr. 78: 382-388.

Rosell CM, Rojas JA, Benedito DBC (2001) Influence of hydrocolloids on dough rheology and bread quality. Food Hydrocoll. 15: 75–81.

Sotomayor C, Frias J, Fornal J, Sadowska J, Urbano G, Vidal-Valverde C (1999) Lentil starch content and its microscopical structure as influenced by natural fermentation. Starch-Starke, 51(5) :152–156.